分布式光伏發(fā)電作為綠色能源的重要應(yīng)用形式，正逐步融入工業(yè)園區(qū)、商業(yè)建筑及居民住宅等場景。其全生命周期涵蓋策劃、設(shè)計、安裝、并網(wǎng)及運維五大階段，每個環(huán)節(jié)均需科學(xué)規(guī)劃與精細操作。

　　Distributed photovoltaic power generation, as an important application form of green energy, is gradually integrating into industrial parks, commercial buildings, and residential areas. Its entire lifecycle covers five stages: planning, design, installation, grid connection, and operation and maintenance, each of which requires scientific planning and precise operation.

　　一、前期策劃階段：精準(zhǔn)定位與可行性評估

　　1、 Pre planning stage: precise positioning and feasibility assessment

　　資源勘查與業(yè)主溝通

　　Resource exploration and communication with property owners

　　需篩選光照充足、屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)固的場地，如工業(yè)廠房或商業(yè)綜合體。通過實地勘查，記錄屋頂朝向、傾角、遮擋物分布及用電負荷特性。以某制造企業(yè)為例，其屋頂彩鋼瓦使用年限需低于5年，且變壓器容量需滿足光伏發(fā)電自用比例不低于70%的要求。

　　It is necessary to select sites with sufficient lighting and stable roof structures, such as industrial plants or commercial complexes. Through on-site investigation, record the orientation, inclination angle, distribution of obstructions, and electrical load characteristics of the roof. Taking a manufacturing enterprise as an example, the service life of its roof color steel tiles must be less than 5 years, and the transformer capacity must meet the requirement that the proportion of photovoltaic power generation for self use is not less than 70%.

　　技術(shù)經(jīng)濟測算

　　Technical and Economic Calculation

　　基于年有效光照時長與屋頂面積，測算裝機容量。例如，在山東地區(qū)，1000平方米混凝土屋頂可安裝150kWp光伏系統(tǒng)，年發(fā)電量約18萬kWh。通過LCOE（平準(zhǔn)化度電成本）模型，對比當(dāng)?shù)仉妰r與補貼政策，評估項目收益率。

　　Calculate the installed capacity based on the annual effective light duration and roof area. For example, in the Shandong region, a 1000 square meter concrete roof can be equipped with a 150kWp photovoltaic system, generating approximately 180000 kWh of electricity annually. Using the LCOE (Levelized Cost of Electricity) model, compare local electricity prices and subsidy policies to evaluate project profitability.

　　協(xié)議簽訂與備案

　　Agreement signing and filing

　　與業(yè)主簽訂屋頂租賃或能源管理合同，明確產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬與責(zé)任劃分。隨后向發(fā)改委提交項目備案申請，需準(zhǔn)備企業(yè)營業(yè)執(zhí)照、土地證、電網(wǎng)接入意見函等文件，通常15個工作日內(nèi)可獲備案批復(fù)。

　　Sign a roof lease or energy management contract with the property owner to clarify the ownership and division of responsibilities. Subsequently, the project filing application shall be submitted to the National Development and Reform Commission, and documents such as the enterprise business license, land certificate, and power grid access opinion letter shall be prepared. Generally, the filing approval can be obtained within 15 working days.

　　二、系統(tǒng)設(shè)計階段：技術(shù)集成與安全規(guī)范

　　2、 System design phase: Technical integration and security specifications

　　組件選型與布局設(shè)計

　　Component selection and layout design

　　根據(jù)場地條件選擇單晶硅或多晶硅組件，考慮組件效率與溫度系數(shù)。例如，在高溫地區(qū)宜選用溫度系數(shù)低于-0.38%/℃的組件。通過PVsyst軟件模擬陰影遮擋，優(yōu)化組件排列間距，確保冬季日照無遮擋。

　　Choose monocrystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon components based on site conditions, considering component efficiency and temperature coefficient. For example, components with a temperature coefficient lower than -0.38%/℃ should be selected in high-temperature areas. Simulate shadow occlusion through PVsyst software, optimize component arrangement spacing, and ensure unobstructed winter sunlight.

　　電氣系統(tǒng)設(shè)計

　　Electrical system design

　　設(shè)計逆變器配置方案，組串式逆變器適用于復(fù)雜屋頂，而集中式逆變器則適合開闊場地。電纜選型需符合IEC 60502標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，直流側(cè)采用光伏專用電纜，交流側(cè)使用YJV型電纜，并設(shè)置過流保護裝置。

　　Design inverter configuration scheme, string inverters are suitable for complex roofs, while centralized inverters are suitable for open spaces. The cable selection must comply with the IEC 60502 standard, with photovoltaic specific cables used on the DC side and YJV type cables used on the AC side, and overcurrent protection devices installed.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)安全與防雷設(shè)計

　　Structural safety and lightning protection design

　　依據(jù)GB 50797《光伏發(fā)電站設(shè)計規(guī)范》，支架系統(tǒng)需滿足25年使用年限要求?；炷廖蓓敳捎门渲厥交A(chǔ)，彩鋼瓦屋頂則使用夾具固定。防雷接地電阻應(yīng)低于4Ω，并安裝浪涌保護器。

　　According to GB 50797 "Design Code for Photovoltaic Power Stations", the support system must meet the requirement of a 25 year service life. The concrete roof adopts a weighted foundation, while the color steel tile roof is fixed with fixtures. The lightning protection grounding resistance should be lower than 4 Ω, and surge protectors should be installed.

　　三、安裝施工階段：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)與質(zhì)量控制

　　3、 Installation and construction phase: Standard operations and quality control

　　基礎(chǔ)施工與支架安裝

　　Basic construction and bracket installation

　　混凝土基礎(chǔ)施工需控制標(biāo)高誤差在±5mm以內(nèi)，采用C30混凝土澆筑。支架安裝時，使用激光水平儀校準(zhǔn)方位角，確保組件陣列朝向正南方向，傾角誤差不超過±1°。

　　The construction of concrete foundation should control the elevation error within ± 5mm and use C30 concrete pouring. When installing the bracket, use a laser level to calibrate the azimuth angle, ensuring that the component array is facing due south and the tilt angle error does not exceed ± 1 °.

　　組件安裝與電氣連接

　　Component installation and electrical connection

　　組件安裝遵循“從下到上、從左到右”順序，使用扭矩扳手固定螺栓，扭矩值控制在15-20N·m。電氣連接采用MC4插頭，直流電纜穿金屬管敷設(shè)，交流電纜沿橋架布置，避免與屋頂排水系統(tǒng)交叉。

　　The component installation follows the sequence of "from bottom to top, from left to right", using a torque wrench to fix the bolts, with a torque value controlled at 15-20N · m. The electrical connection adopts MC4 plug, and the DC cable is laid through metal pipes. The AC cable is arranged along the bridge to avoid crossing with the roof drainage system.

　　逆變器與監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)調(diào)試

　　Inverter and monitoring system debugging

　　逆變器安裝位置需通風(fēng)良好，周圍預(yù)留50cm散熱空間。調(diào)試時設(shè)置最大功率點跟蹤參數(shù)，并驗證防孤島保護功能。監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)接入云端平臺，實現(xiàn)發(fā)電量、設(shè)備狀態(tài)及故障預(yù)警的實時監(jiān)測。

　　The installation location of the inverter should have good ventilation and a 50cm heat dissipation space should be reserved around it. Set the maximum power point tracking parameter during debugging and verify the anti islanding protection function. The monitoring system is connected to the cloud platform to achieve real-time monitoring of power generation, equipment status, and fault warning.

　　四、并網(wǎng)驗收階段：合規(guī)接入與電能計量

　　4、 Grid acceptance stage: compliant access and energy metering

　　并網(wǎng)申請與現(xiàn)場勘查

　　Grid connection application and on-site investigation

　　向電網(wǎng)公司提交并網(wǎng)申請表、設(shè)備型式認(rèn)證報告及系統(tǒng)接入圖。電網(wǎng)受理后，安排人員現(xiàn)場核查設(shè)備參數(shù)、保護裝置及接地系統(tǒng)，確保符合DL/T 5729《配電網(wǎng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計技術(shù)導(dǎo)則》。

　　Submit the grid connection application form, equipment type certification report, and system access diagram to the power grid company. After the acceptance of the power grid, personnel will be arranged to conduct on-site verification of equipment parameters, protective devices, and grounding systems to ensure compliance with DL/T 5729 "Technical Guidelines for Distribution Network Planning and Design".

　　計量裝置安裝與調(diào)試

　　Installation and commissioning of measuring devices

　　安裝雙向智能電表，精度等級不低于0.5S級。并網(wǎng)點設(shè)置斷路器，具備過流、欠壓保護功能。調(diào)試時驗證關(guān)口電能計量裝置的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸準(zhǔn)確性，確保與電網(wǎng)調(diào)度系統(tǒng)無縫對接。

　　Install bidirectional smart meters with an accuracy level of no less than 0.5S. Install circuit breakers at the grid connection point with overcurrent and undervoltage protection functions. Verify the accuracy of data transmission of the gateway energy metering device during debugging to ensure seamless integration with the power grid dispatch system.

　　驗收測試與并網(wǎng)運行

　　Acceptance testing and grid connected operation

　　進行絕緣電阻測試、極性校驗及功率因數(shù)測試，所有指標(biāo)合格后簽署并網(wǎng)驗收報告。并網(wǎng)后需通過72小時試運行，期間發(fā)電量偏差不超過±3%。

　　Conduct insulation resistance testing, polarity verification, and power factor testing, and sign the grid connection acceptance report after all indicators are qualified. After grid connection, a 72 hour trial operation is required, during which the deviation of power generation should not exceed ± 3%.

　　五、運維管理階段：智能監(jiān)測與預(yù)防性維護

　　5、 Operation and Maintenance Management Stage: Intelligent Monitoring and Preventive Maintenance

　　日常巡檢與數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測

　　Daily inspection and data monitoring

　　制定巡檢計劃，重點檢查組件熱斑、逆變器散熱風(fēng)扇及電纜接頭。通過紅外熱成像儀檢測組件溫度，異常溫升超過20℃時立即處理。利用監(jiān)控平臺分析發(fā)電曲線，識別效率衰減組件。

　　Develop an inspection plan, focusing on checking component hot spots, inverter cooling fans, and cable joints. Detect the temperature of the components using an infrared thermal imaging device, and handle any abnormal temperature rise exceeding 20 ℃ immediately. Analyze the power generation curve using a monitoring platform and identify efficiency degradation components.

　　定期維護與故障處理

　　Regular maintenance and troubleshooting

　　每季度清洗組件表面，使用軟毛刷與去離子水，避免機械損傷。每年進行接地電阻測試，確保值低于4Ω。建立故障響應(yīng)機制，一般故障24小時內(nèi)處理，重大故障48小時內(nèi)恢復(fù)。

　　Clean the surface of the components quarterly using a soft bristled brush and deionized water to avoid mechanical damage. Conduct an annual grounding resistance test to ensure that the value is below 4 Ω. Establish a fault response mechanism, generally handling faults within 24 hours and restoring major faults within 48 hours.

　　性能優(yōu)化與壽命管理

　　Performance optimization and lifespan management

　　定期評估系統(tǒng)效率，對比設(shè)計值與實際發(fā)電量，通過調(diào)整逆變器參數(shù)或優(yōu)化組件布局提升效率。對運行超過10年的系統(tǒng)，進行支架防腐處理及電纜絕緣檢測，延長設(shè)備壽命。

　　Regularly evaluate system efficiency, compare design values with actual power generation, and improve efficiency by adjusting inverter parameters or optimizing component layout. Perform bracket anti-corrosion treatment and cable insulation testing on systems that have been in operation for over 10 years to extend equipment lifespan.

　　分布式光伏發(fā)電項目的成功實施，需貫穿全生命周期的精細化管理。從前期資源評估到后期智能運維，每個環(huán)節(jié)均需以技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為準(zhǔn)繩，以數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動決策，方能實現(xiàn)清潔能源的高效利用與長期收益。

　　The successful implementation of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects requires refined management throughout the entire lifecycle. From early resource assessment to later intelligent operation and maintenance, each link needs to be guided by technical standards and data-driven decision-making in order to achieve efficient utilization and long-term benefits of clean energy.

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